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Gairo vecchia

Echi del passato

Nel 1258, le lotte tra i Pisani e i Visconti per il possesso della Sardegna Orientale e della Gallura, costrinsero le popolazioni che abitavano la pianura di Sessei a ritirarsi verso l’interno. A quasi 800 metri sopra il livello del mare, ospitati dalle genti che già abitavano quei luoghi, quelle etnie costruirono le loro nuove case.

Gairo vecchia

come voleva la tradizione, le donne costruirono la chiesa, intitolata a Sant’Elena. Luoghi bellissimi, magici,  adatti ai pascoli e all’agricoltura; terreni fertili tra  montagne, valli e fiumi. Poco distante il mare. Un paradiso che durò fino a quando lo Stato italiano  diede inizio al  disboscamento della Sardegna. La maggior parte del legname servì per  costruire le traversine, utilizzate per tutta la rete ferroviaria italiana.

Gairo

La superficie di quei territori non era  più protetta dalla vegetazione, un tempo lussureggiante, poi divenuta rara o addirittura sparita. Come conseguenza, un’inarrestabile erosione. La legge fisica che regola il fenomeno dell’erosione geologica, afferma che il potere di trascinamento dell’acqua (l’erosione geologica appunto) cresce con la sesta potenza rispetto al crescere della velocità dell’acqua stessa.

Gairo

Il che significa che raddoppiando la velocità di scorrimento sul terreno, l’acqua acquisisce un potere di trascinamento 64 volte maggiore. La prima alluvione di cui si ha notizia giunse nel lontano 1880, a Novembre. Una pioggia violenta, caduta ininterrottamente per due giorni, causò ingenti danni al paese e alle campagne: frane, smottamenti, muri a secco crollati, tetti scoperchiati, i viottoli in selciato del paese trasformati in ruscelli, la circolazione dei carri a buoi paralizzata.

Alla  fine del mese di Marzo del 1927,  si ebbe una seconda e ben più grave alluvione che mise la popolazione di fronte ad uno scenario peggiore della precedente. Il nubifragio comportò anche questa volta diversi allagamenti, frane e smottamenti che arrivarono fino alla linea ferroviaria, interrompendone lo scorrimento tra le località Taquisara e Baccu Nieddu. Alcune case pericolanti, necessitarono di essere demolite. Una  quindicina di famiglie che le occupavano furono costrette a trasferirsi sul lato opposto al rio Pardu, fra Serra Taquisara e Serra Serbissi.

Le istituzioni di quel tempo fecero poco o niente per risollevare il Paese dai danni subiti: solo la tenacia e la determinazione della laboriosa popolazione, consentirono la lenta ripresa. L’intervento dello Stato italiano si limitò all’applicazione della legge n°445 del 1908, nata inizialmente per la Basilicata, la Calabria ed in seguito estesa ad altre zone sinistrate d’Italia.

Un intervento che si limitò allo  spostamento delle famiglie più colpite dal nubifragio, ma non al consolidamento dell’abitato con opere di bonifica, risanamento e stabilizzazione del territorio su cui era costruito. Nel mese d’Ottobre 1940  seguì una  terza alluvione che causò ulteriori gravissimi danni. La popolazione decise di dare inizio alla costruzione di un nuovo nucleo di case a monte del vecchio centro, dove oggi sorge l’attuale paese ,  Gairo Sant’Elena. Alcuni torrenti, come l’Uri e il Cedrino esondarono, invadendo altri centri abitati: Oliena, Arzana, Baunei, Jerzu, Loceri, Tortolì, Taluna.

Nel 1951 uno straordinario evento meteorologico, cominciato con un temporale nella notte tra il 12 ed il 13 ottobre e terminato il 18 ottobre, provocò l’intero dissesto del paese che fu dichiarato non abitabile. Fu un episodio tremendo: nell’area più colpita, caddero oltre 1300 mm di pioggia in soli 4 giorni. Nel solo Paese di Gairo Vecchio si contarono 90 abitazioni tra distrutte e danneggiate, nuove gigantesche frane e numerosi smottamenti.  Un  po’ ovunque miriadi di alberi sradicati e letteralmente spazzati via, strade erose  o ancora, totalmente seppellite sotto cumuli di detriti fatti franare dall’impeto furibondo delle acque, distruzioni di opere murarie e ponti già ricostruiti dopo le precedenti alluvioni, le campagne rese irriconoscibili dalle inondazioni, interi poderi ingoiati dalla furia dell’evento.

La costruzione dei nuovi ricoveri era prevista a Taquisara, dove fu realizzato il primo gruppo di case  comunque non sufficienti ad ospitare tutta la popolazione A Gairo Vecchio, il 2 gennaio 1952, dopo la recente alluvione, la polizia entrò con la forza nel municipio occupato nella notte di San Silvestro del 1951: 150 donne incinte facevano lo sciopero della fame per protestare contro lo stato d’abbandono in cui era lasciato il paese da parte dello Stato. Secondo le testimonianze gli aiuti non furono equamente distribuiti fra la popolazione. Sembra che  i paesani più abbienti, probabilmente con il beneplacito dell’Amministrazione dell’epoca, riuscissero ingiustamente ad accaparrarsene parti cospicue.

Le donne, appoggiate dalla popolazione,  chiedevano l’intervento del prefetto affinché facesse i controlli necessari ed appurasse quanto stava accadendo. Seguirono scontri violenti fra polizia e dimostranti ;  la polizia aprì il fuoco ferendo alcune delle persone che manifestavano: quattro agenti della Polizia di Stato  ed un Carabiniere,  restano feriti.

Il prefetto inviò un proprio delegato che provvide a trovare una soluzione equa alla situazione creatasi. Superata la crisi, nei successivi giorni di Gennaio 1952 si decise di continuare la ricostruzione delle abitazioni ed il trasferimento della comunità verso la più sicura zona calcarea e non franosa di Taquisara. Furono così avviati i lavori di scavo delle fondazioni per la costruzione di altri alloggi.

Il sole che sorge sul mare ed il monte Perda ‘e Liana, oggi costituiscono il simbolo dello stendardo del comune di Gairo, realizzato dal pittore gairese Franco Ferrai.

Elisa Monica Magario

Emily Volta

Foto di Francesco Saponi e Massimiliano Maddanu

209 Comments

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